{"id":4737,"date":"2023-08-09T17:49:50","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T15:49:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/?p=4737"},"modified":"2023-08-09T17:50:53","modified_gmt":"2023-08-09T15:50:53","slug":"kabuga-reexamined","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/2023\/08\/09\/kabuga-reexamined\/","title":{"rendered":"Kabuga Reexamined: An \u201calternative finding procedure\u201d that comes as close to a trial as possible is no substitute for a trial"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div id=\"google_language_translator\" class=\"default-language-en\"><\/div><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><blockquote class=\"otw-sc-quote\"><p>The Appeals Chamber is cognizant that victims and survivors of the crimes that Kabuga is charged with have waited long to see justice delivered, and that the inability to complete the trial proceedings in this case, due to Kabuga\u2019s lack of fitness to stand trial, must be disappointing. However, justice can be delivered only by holding trials that are fair and conducted with full respect for the rights of the accused set out in the Statute. This is a fundamental feature of the legal framework of the Mechanism and its predecessor tribunals, which is vital to the credibility and endurance of their legacy. In arriving at its decision, the Appeals Chamber has been guided by its duty to ensure that decisions are based solely on justice and law. It is axiomatic that justice must be done and must be seen to be done. <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(para. 78)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In my earlier post \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/2023\/06\/20\/inventiveness-leads-to-absurdity-kabuga\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">When inventiveness leads to absurdity: <em>the Trial Chamber\u2019s \u201cnon-trial\u201d trial solution for non compos mentis <\/em><em>F\u00e9licien <\/em><em>Kabuga<\/em><\/a> \u2013 I discussed the Trial Chamber\u2019s decision to carry on with an <em>in absentia<\/em> non-trial trial of Kabuga who, by Trial Chamber majority, was found to be incompetent to stand trial.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As a reminder, the majority found that \u201cKabuga retains three relevant capacities: to enter a plea, understand the nature of the charges, and understand the consequences of the proceedings\u201d, but that his \u201clevel of cognition related to these capacities is superficial,\u201d considering that he:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li>has a such a \u201climited ability to communicate\u201d that he is unable \u201cto participate meaningfully in his trial as such participation would require a higher level of cognitive function than he possesses;\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li>\u201cis incapable of subtle, consequential reasoning;\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li>lacks the capacity to \u201cparticipat[e] in a complex proceeding, such as the present trial [that] requires, at a minimum, a functioning memory, including the ability to retain information over a period of time, as well as the ability to process and express a view about that information;\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li>is \u201cunlikely\u201d to be \u201cmalingering\u201d given his illness and medical diagnosis; and<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li>\u201cis not fit for trial and is very unlikely to regain fitness in the future.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Despite this, Judge Mustapha El Baaj,\u00a0dissenting, had no problem continuing the Kabuga trial.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-4743\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ladyjustice.jpg?resize=300%2C169&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ladyjustice.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ladyjustice.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ladyjustice.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ladyjustice.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ladyjustice.jpg?resize=1200%2C675&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ladyjustice.jpg?w=1884&amp;ssl=1 1884w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ladyjustice.jpg?w=1680&amp;ssl=1 1680w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 85vw, 300px\" \/>Parenthetically, as I generally advise my fellow defence counsel, the hallmark of adequate representation is to try a case the same way and with the same skills and the same robustness that they would want from their lawyer were they in the dock.\u00a0 This requirement of impartiality and equality before the law is illustrated by the familiar figure of Justicia, aka Lady Justice, wearing a blindfold.\u00a0 \u00a0Would Judge El Baaj take the same position were someone near and dear to him, or even himself, in the dock, suffering similar disabilities as Kabuga \u2013 diagnosed by medical experts appointed by the Trial Chamber? Would he claim such a trial to be fair? Would he embrace the sort of findings and justifications he makes in his dissent in pushing for the continuance of the trial? Nonetheless, he at least deserved kudos for rejecting the majority\u2019s claim that an \u201calternative finding procedure\u201d was as inherently permitted under the ICTR\/IRMCT Statutes as their judicial discretion to impose it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Some legal authority was cited by the Trial Chamber for an \u201calternative finding procedure\u201d but nothing consistent with the letter and spirit of the ICTR\/IRMCT Statutes. The Trial Chamber elected to proceed with such an \u201calternative finding procedure,\u201d as close to a trial as possible, where the Prosecution would continue to bear the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt Kabuga\u2019s <em>actus reas<\/em> and <em>mens rea<\/em> of the alleged crimes in the indictment.\u00a0 The Trial Chamber was effectively calling for a trial in absentia. Kabuga would be physically present somewhere in or around or near the courtroom, but mentally absent and unable to assist meaningfully in his defence.\u00a0 And what kind of ludicrous sop was imagined in crafting the plan that the accused would be a<em>round here somewhere<\/em>?\u00a0 As if mere physical proximity cleansed the plan&#8217;s obvious and insurmountable defects.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4758\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/emptychair.jpg?resize=356%2C243&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/emptychair.jpg?resize=300%2C205&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/emptychair.jpg?w=528&amp;ssl=1 528w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 356px) 85vw, 356px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Absurdly and shamelessly, the Prosecution argued on appeal that the Trial Chamber failed to account for Kabuga\u2019s legal representation, which more than compensated for Kabuga\u2019s mental infirmities. How rich! Since when does the right of an accused to be present (mentally not just physically) at trial and to assist in his or her defence (having mental capacity to do so) become satisfied because s\/he is represented by counsel? Whose case is it anyway? Where in the ICCPR or the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities or the European Convention on Human Rights, or the Statute(s) or the Rules or ICL jurisprudence does it say that defence counsel\u2019s representation can substitute for the accused\u2019s right to be present or right to participate in the proceedings? Nowhere.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Appeals Chamber made short shrift of the Trial Chamber\u2019s rationale for an \u201calternative finding procedure\u201d in lieu of a proper trial, and of the Prosecution\u2019s claims of errors by the Trial Chamber, which, <em>but for<\/em>, the trial could have proceeded despite being in agreement that Kabuga could not participate meaningfully in his trial.\u00a0 In its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irmct.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case_documents\/DECISION-ON-APPEALS-OF-FURTHER%20DECISION-ON-FE%CC%81LICIEN-KABUGA%E2%80%99S-FITNESS-TO-STAND-TRIAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Decision on Appeals of Further Decision on F\u00e9licien Kabuga\u2019s Fitness to Stand Trial<\/em><\/a>, the Appeals Chamber unanimously put a stop to the silliness of a <em>non-trial trial in absentia<\/em> charade.\u00a0 In so doing it preserved the integrity and legitimacy of the IRMCT as an international criminal tribunal adherent to the international standards upon which it was founded.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lest we forget the context, as the Appeals Chamber noted, the evidence demonstrated that:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><blockquote class=\"otw-sc-quote\"><p>Kabuga was no longer able to follow a regular conversation at a normal pace or be engaged in a rational conversation with any substance or coherence, could follow proceedings or understand evidence only at the most superficial level, [] was unable to understand the reasoning behind questions asked in court [and]&#8230; the Experts struggled to elicit even very simple pieces of information from him. <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(para. 28)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In a well-crafted and well-reasoned decision, the Appeals Chamber recognizes that there are limits to legislating from the bench by simply claiming inherent judicial discretion when statutory provisions are absent.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Looking at how the ICTY and ICTR chambers had (perversely, in my view, see <a href=\"https:\/\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/2015\/02\/03\/popovic-jce-iii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.michaelgkarnavas.net\/files\/JCE_at_the_ECCC_MGKarnavas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>) used their inherent authority to claim joint criminal enterprise in all its concocted forms to be inclusive in the Statutes being reflective of customary international law,((Debunked later by one of its founders, Judge Mohamed Shahabuddeen after leaving the bench in his book <em>International Criminal Justice at the Yugoslav Tribunal<strong>:\u00a0<\/strong>A Judge\u2019s Recollection<\/em>.)) the Appeals Chamber did <em>not<\/em> find sufficient legal justification for adopting an \u201calternative finding procedure\u201d that inexorably fell\u00a0 short of a fair trial mandated by the founders and founding documents of the <em>ad hoc<\/em> tribunals purely because the alternative would mean suspending the proceedings and releasing the accused at the expense of the long-suffering victims who rightly seek and deserve justice.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bluntly, the Appeals Chamber\u2019s message is that the ends do not always justify the means \u2013 at least not when it is demonstrably evident that an accused cannot, in all candor and earnestness, be seen as being treated justly.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">Unlike the Trial Chamber, the Appeals Chamber avoids cutting corners and skimping on Kabuga\u2019s fair trial rights, simply because of the need of the victims to have justice \u2013 at any cost. Unlike the Trial Chamber it avoids emotive murmurs of blame-fixing such as <\/span><em style=\"text-align: justify;\">this is what Kabuga gets because he was on the lamb and evading arrest<\/em><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">; he cannot be deprived of his fair trial rights or tried in absentia (not permitted under the Statute) because he failed to present himself for trial when <em>compos mentis<\/em>. And, unlike the Trial Chamber, the Appeals Chamber avoids conferring unto to itself (and judges and Chambers) carte blanche judicial discretionary authority to read into the Statute that which is inapposite to its letter and spirit, and founding principles, and fair trial rights of the accused.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Appeals Chamber\u2019s decision is a clean sweep for the Defence. Almost. The matter has been remanded to the Trial Chamber, presumably for a reasonably speedy release. For Kabuga this might be somewhat of a poison chalice. At the UN Detention Unit in The Hague, Kabuga has been receiving 5 star medical treatment. If and when he is released, aside from having to fend for himself medical wise, he will need to find a state which would accept him.\u00a0 For sure the Netherlands will not host him. Since he is only in the Hague because it seemed better for him to be tried there, one possibility is that he is transferred to the detention unit in Arusha, Tanzania. If so, Tanzania might be willing to host him \u2013 as it has hosted other accused who were either acquitted or released having served their time. There may be other states that would be willing to accept him; though charged with having committed horrific crimes, including genocide, he has not and never will be convicted for anything.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">And what of Rwanda? What if it were to seek Kabuga\u2019s extradition? Would <em>ne bis in idem<\/em> attach? Rather than speculate in <em>what ifs<\/em>, lets wait and see.\u00a0 The final page of this saga remains to be written.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Clearly the victims are hugely disappointed. But, as I have routinely cautioned, <em>if the process is not fair, the results are meaningless<\/em>. This is reflected in the Appeals Chamber\u2019s decision: a must read for anyone practicing or participating in any of the international(ized) criminal tribunals or courts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-919\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/comments2.png?resize=274%2C184&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Don't forget to leave your comments\" width=\"274\" height=\"184\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In my earlier post \u2013 When inventiveness leads to absurdity: the Trial Chamber\u2019s \u201cnon-trial\u201d trial solution for non compos mentis F\u00e9licien Kabuga \u2013 I discussed the Trial Chamber\u2019s decision to carry on with an in absentia non-trial trial of Kabuga who, by Trial Chamber majority, was found to be incompetent to stand trial. As a &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/2023\/08\/09\/kabuga-reexamined\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Kabuga Reexamined: An \u201calternative finding procedure\u201d that comes as close to a trial as possible is no substitute for a trial&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_s2mail":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,33],"tags":[7,34],"class_list":["post-4737","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-international-criminal-law","category-irmct","tag-international-criminal-law","tag-irmct"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kabuga Reexamined: An \u201calternative finding procedure\u201d that comes as close to a trial as possible is no substitute for a trial - michaelgkarnavas.net\/Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/2023\/08\/09\/kabuga-reexamined\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kabuga Reexamined: An \u201calternative finding procedure\u201d that comes as close to a trial as possible is no substitute for a trial - michaelgkarnavas.net\/Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In my earlier post \u2013 When inventiveness leads to absurdity: the Trial Chamber\u2019s \u201cnon-trial\u201d trial solution for non compos mentis F\u00e9licien Kabuga \u2013 I discussed the Trial Chamber\u2019s decision to carry on with an in absentia non-trial trial of Kabuga who, by Trial Chamber majority, was found to be incompetent to stand trial. 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