{"id":316,"date":"2014-02-26T14:30:31","date_gmt":"2014-02-26T13:30:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/?p=316"},"modified":"2014-02-26T14:29:54","modified_gmt":"2014-02-26T13:29:54","slug":"installment8-final-judicial-ethics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/2014\/02\/26\/installment8-final-judicial-ethics\/","title":{"rendered":"Eighth and Final Installment: JUDICIAL ETHICS IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is the eighth, and final installment, in a series of posts drawn from a 24 January 2014 lecture on Judicial Ethics at the ADC-ICTY\u2019s Twelfth Defence Symposium for interns and staff at the ICTY.\u00a0 The complete document is available on my website<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666<\/span><\/p>\n

H. The Obligations of Defence Counsel in exercising due diligence<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"French_lawyer_early_20th\"<\/a>Lastly, I discussed obligations that also lie with Defence counsel. \u00a0Indeed, Defence counsel have to be diligent to raise disqualifications early in the proceedings and to the right authority. \u00a0I put the accent on how important is to make the record.\u00a0 I used the \u010celebi\u0107i<\/i> case as an example in which the issue was whether a Judge was fit to be a Judge.<\/p>\n

ICTY Prosecutor v. Delali\u0107 et al. (\u010celebi\u0107i), The Case of the sleeping Judge, and the Defence\u2019s failure to raise<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n

In \u010celebi\u0107i<\/em>, Judge Karibi-Whyte was sleeping during substantial portions the trial proceedings.[1]<\/a> \u00a0Defence counsel for Land\u017eo did not formally raise this issue before the Trial Chamber but filed this issue as a ground of appeal.[2]<\/a> \u00a0Counsel for Land\u017eo explained the failure to raise this issue during trial proceedings stating that she had approached \u201cthis sensitive issue in the most diplomatic way possible.\u201d[3]<\/a> \u00a0Indeed, Counsel for Land\u017eo had first raised the issue with the Registrar and President of the ICTY Judge Cassese rather than in court:<\/p>\n

Judge Karibi-Whyte along with the other two Judges was the fact finder in the trial. He would be determining the guilt and\/or innocence, and he would be determining the amount of sentence to be imposed. Direct confrontation with the fact finder at this point in the trial would have benefited my client. Approaching the Registry and the President of the Tribunal regarding these issues was the direction that I considered most prudent at this juncture in the trial.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Then, Counsel for Land\u017eo attempted to resign under protest because of \u201cthe sleeping of the Judge and the total disrespect by the Presiding Judge for all those attempting to perform their duties during the trial.\u201d[5]<\/a> The Appeals Chamber noted her course of actions:<\/p>\n

She says that she met with the Registrar, who persuaded her not to resign and who arranged a meeting with President Cassese. President Cassese had assured her that he \u2018would attend to the matter\u2019. She had thereafter continued to discuss the \u2018continuing problem\u2019 with the Senior Legal Officer of the Trial Chamber.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Counsel argued that to make a complaint to the Trial Chamber itself would have been \u201cinappropriate and futile,\u201d and argued that in pursuing this alternative course, that she acted \u201cin the highest traditions of the Bar.\u201d[7]<\/a> \u00a0The Appeals Chamber firmly disagreed. \u00a0The record had not been made when necessary, that is to say during the Trial proceedings when the facts effectively occurred and the legal issue arose. The Appeals Chamber stated \u201cthe matter must<\/i> be raised with the court at the time the problem is perceived in order to enable the problem to be remedied.\u201d[8]<\/a> \u00a0The Appeals Chamber was uncharitable in its findings, with little acknowledgement of the sincere, albeit ineffectual, efforts of Defence counsel to raise a sensitive matter using an approach that at least in a national court would have been deemed\u00a0 measured, if not laudable:<\/p>\n

The Appeals Chamber does not agree. Such an approach fails to recognise that raising the issue before the Trial Chamber is indispensable to the grant of fair and appropriate relief. Moreover, it clearly could be anticipated that, by taking her complaint to the President, it would necessarily be made known to Judge Karibi-Whyte. The issue was, indeed, made known to him. The \u2018highest traditions of the Bar\u2019 require counsel to be considerably more robust on behalf of their client in such circumstances as these than counsel for Land\u017eo was in this case. Co-counsel for Land\u017eo on the appeal referred \u2013 for a somewhat different purpose \u2013 to his need in the present case to make his submissions on this and other grounds of appeal \u2018in a somewhat more direct manner to the court \u2013 respectful, but direct\u2019, which he proceeded to do in a robust, but entirely appropriate, manner.\u00a0 Any counsel of experience will have had the embarrassing duty at some stage of his or her career of saying something unpleasant to a judge.\u00a0 Counsel for Land\u017eo herself did not flinch from making very serious (although completely baseless) allegations of impropriety against the Appeals Chamber concerning the compilation of the Extracts Tapes in a filing prior to the hearing of the appeal.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0IV. CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b>The lecture focused on judicial ethics from the defence perspective.\u00a0 One may have high expectations of international \u201cprofessional\u201d judges in rendering international criminal justice. \u00a0The common perception is that, if you place the word \u201cinternational\u201d in front of something, it is held to a higher standard. \u00a0However, the actual standard of impartiality and fairness in the administration of justice in the international context can be quite low when compared to the administration of justice in national jurisdictions. \u00a0Full impartiality and integrity from the judges in international criminal tribunals, particularly when many of them lacked any judicial experience before being sworn in as judges, should not be accepted as an article of faith.\u00a0 Vigilance is required.\u00a0 In ensuring the Suspect or Accused\u2019s fair trial rights, Defence lawyers must make applications for disqualifications when necessary. The examples shown were a mere sampling.\u00a0 Perhaps there is a real need for a detailed code of ethics for judges and prosecutors appearing before international tribunals.\u00a0 Additionally, there definitely seems to be a need for the adoption of a judicial training program for all judges to undergo before being sworn in (and deemed independent and thus not subject to any sort of training).\u00a0 This may have some added residual value, such as bringing greater uniformity and consistency to the trial proceedings, criteria indispensable for any judiciary, though often lacking in international criminal tribunals.<\/p>\n

The application of these ethical principles center around the Furund\u017eija<\/i> test: whether a reasonable observer, properly informed would apprehend bias. \u00a0Not every dubious association, communication, or conduct will call for the disqualification of a judge. \u00a0For instance, it probably was not appropriate to seek Judge Eboe-Osuji\u2019s disqualification solely for the basis of his nationality. \u00a0A reasonable observer, reasonably informed, would not likely come to the conclusion that Judge Eboe-Osuji would be biased solely on his common nationality with the victims. \u00a0When confronted with a potential case of judicial bias, counsel should seek more information concerning the circumstances. \u00a0Going \u201cnuclear\u201d with a disqualification motion should not be the first option. \u00a0You must be able to show that the conduct or pattern of conduct produces an unreasonable appearance of bias. \u00a0That said, counsel should never shy away from making an application for disqualification when the available facts would lead a reasonable observer, properly informed, to apprehend bias.\u00a0 And a record must be made if error is to be preserved for appellate review. \u00a0This is not only for the client to which counsel has an abiding duty of due diligence, but also for the integrity of the tribunal and the maintenance of fair trial rights and the proper administration of justice for all.<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666<\/span><\/p>\n

Link to complete document with Table of Authorities<\/span> and Table of Cases<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n
\n
\n

[1]<\/a> Prosecutor v. Delali\u0107 et al.<\/i>, IT-96-21-A, Judgment of the Appeals Chamber, 20 February 2001, paras. 214\u201326.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2]<\/a> Id.<\/i>, <\/i>para. 642.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3]<\/a> Id.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4]<\/a> Id.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5]<\/a> Id<\/i>., para. 643, quoting<\/i> Affidavit of Cynthia McMurrey Sinatra, sworn 20 Apr 2000 at 1, annexure to Appellant Esad Land\u017eo\u2019s List of Witnesses on Appeal, Submission of Witness Statements and Motion for Issuance of Subpoena Ad Testificandum<\/i>, 15 May 2000 (\u201cAffidavit of 20 April 2000\u201d). Affidavit of 20 April 2000, at 1\u20132. The document in fact entitled \u201cResignation Under Protest\u201d is described in the affidavit as a Motion for Withdrawal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[6]<\/a> Prosecutor v. Delali\u0107 et al.<\/i>, IT-96-21-A, Judgment of the Appeals Chamber, 20 February 2001, para. 643.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7]<\/a> Id<\/i>., para. 644.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[8]<\/a> Id.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[9]<\/a> Id.<\/i>, <\/i>para. 645.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This is the eighth, and final installment, in a series of posts drawn from a 24 January 2014 lecture on Judicial Ethics at the ADC-ICTY\u2019s Twelfth Defence Symposium for interns and staff at the ICTY.\u00a0 The complete document is available on my website. \u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 H. 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