{"id":289,"date":"2014-02-20T17:02:20","date_gmt":"2014-02-20T16:02:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/?p=289"},"modified":"2014-02-25T14:13:54","modified_gmt":"2014-02-25T13:13:54","slug":"installment4-judicial-ethics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/2014\/02\/20\/installment4-judicial-ethics\/","title":{"rendered":"Fourth Installment: JUDICIAL ETHICS IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is the fourth installment in a series of posts drawn from a 24 January 2014 lecture on Judicial Ethics at the ADC-ICTY\u2019s Twelfth Defence Symposium for interns and staff at the ICTY.\u00a0 The complete document is available on my website<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666<\/span><\/p>\n

III. APPLICATION OF THE Furund\u017eija<\/i> PRINCIPLE\u2014SITUATIONS OF BIAS<\/strong><\/p>\n

A.\u00a0 Ex parte <\/i>Communications<\/strong><\/p>\n

ECCC Case 002, Ieng Sary\u2019s motion to Disqualify Judge Silvia Cartwright<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"ThumbonScale\"<\/a>I first discussed the issue of ex parte<\/i> communications on the part of the judge, which in most cases, is to the detriment to the Defence. \u00a0I chose an example from the ECCC, where the Defence learned that one of the sitting Judges, Judge Silvia Cartwright, was participating in meetings with the International Co-Prosecutor Andrew Cayley and the ECCC Deputy Director of Administration.\u00a0 No one from any of the Defence teams were invited and neither was the head of the ECCC Defence Support Section (DSS).\u00a0 Obviously, these meetings were of concern to the Defence once they were learned about.\u00a0 They certainly amounted to ex parte<\/i> communications.\u00a0 But as I noted earlier, when in doubt or not in possession of sufficient information showing bias, best to move incrementally.\u00a0 So, after all sorts of efforts to get the participants to these private meetings to come clean, the Defence filed a request for investigation into these ex parte<\/i> communications.[1]<\/a>\u00a0 The Trial Chamber declined to investigate, justifying the meetings as necessary for the coordination of the UN component of the ECCC.[2]<\/a> \u00a0Having no choice, the Defence appealed, seeking Judge Cartwright\u2019s disqualification on the grounds that the meetings had no express legal basis.\u00a0 Since Prosecutor Cayley would continue to appear before Judge Cartwright, these ex parte<\/i> communications violated applicable ethics standards.[3]<\/a> \u00a0The Supreme Court Chamber of the ECCC ultimately dismissed[4]<\/a> the appeal but found that:<\/p>\n

[A]bsent any institutional basis either in the ECCC founding documents or the Internal Rules such meetings could be perceived as being related to a case or cases in which the attending judge has concern. As such they may create the appearance of asymmetrical access<\/i> enjoyed by the prosecutor and the trial judge.<\/b> Therefore, in order to avoid such appearance and giving rise to disqualification motions it would seem advisable to reconsider the make-up of any meetings that trial judges wish to have with the prosecutors by allowing the participation of the Defence Support Section or members of the defence teams, as appropriate.[5]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Two days after the appeal decision, it came to light that Judge Cartwright was continuing to have ex parte<\/i> communications.\u00a0 Completely disregarding the Supreme Court Chamber, Judge Cartwright sent Prosecutor Cayley what was supposed to be a private e-mail, a message on matters seemingly related to the case.[6]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> \u00a0Judge Cartwright inadvertently sent the e-mail to the Case File distribution list, including the IENG Sary Defence.[7]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> \u00a0The e-mail stated:\u00a0 \u201cOf Course I was only trying to see the lighter side. As you know, Andrew, I am seriously considering my own position. I shall not make a hasty ydecision [sic]. Silvia.<\/i>\u201d[8]<\/a> \u00a0This prompted another submission for the disqualification of Judge Cartwright because \u201cthe nature of Judge Cartwright\u2019s association with International Co-Prosecutor Cayley shows actual bias or, at a minimum, the appearance of bias.\u201d[9]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> \u00a0The Defence argued that Judge Cartwright knew that ex parte<\/i> communications with a prosecutor could give rise to applications for her disqualification, and disregarded the guidance of the Supreme Court Chamber.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Under ECCC Internal Rule 34(2):<\/p>\n

Any party may file an application for disqualification of a judge in any case in which the Judge has a personal or financial interest or concerning which the Judge has, or has had, any association which objectively might affect his or her impartiality, or objectively give rise to the appearance of bias.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

The ECCC has adopted the Furund\u017eija <\/i>standard.[12]<\/a> \u00a0Under this standard, the Defence argued that \u201cJudge Cartwright\u2019s relationship with International Co-Prosecutor Cayley developed such that they shared information ex parte<\/i> regarding Case 002 jurisprudence.\u201d \u00a0With Judge Cartwright\u2019s failure to disclose the nature of her participation in the meetings, Judge Cartwright\u2019s conduct would suggest that it could give rise, at a minimum, to the appearance of bias.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

On the second challenge (after becoming aware of Judge Cartwright\u2019s e-mail), the Trial Chamber took the view that the meetings served an administrative purpose, as they \u201cwere connected with non-judicial, managerial, and administrative issues affecting the international component of the ECCC rather than the substance of the proceedings.\u201d[14]<\/a> \u00a0The Trial Chamber reasoned this on the basis of the email communications mentioned above. \u00a0The Trial Chamber considered that the non-judicial, managerial and administrative nature of the meetings did not give rise to any sanctions or disqualification, \u201cneither, ipso facto, [did] the continuing communication between the participants in the meetings establish such grounds.\u201d[15]<\/a> \u00a0The Trial Chamber noted that no parties to proceedings are permitted to communicate directly with judges about matters that relate to the substance of judicial proceedings, and that the Defence did not offer evidence to \u201csuggest that this practice is applied inconsistently.[16]<\/a> \u00a0The Chamber also denied the disclosure request, stating that that it had no power to make such an order.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

B. Actual Bias<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0ECCC Case 002, Application for Disqualification of Judge Marcel Lemonde<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n

In Case 002, an eye-witness, Mr. Wayne Bastin, a former Chief of Intelligence and Analysis Unit of the Office of the Co-Investigating Judges (\u201cOCIJ\u201d), informed a member of the IENG Sary Defence that Judge Marcel Lemonde in a meeting with OCIJ top investigators noted that he would prefer that they \u201cfind more inculpatory evidence than exculpatory evidence.\u201d[18]<\/a>\u00a0 Judge Lemonde in his written response to the IENG Sary Defence\u2019s application to disqualify him stated that he could not recall the incident, but if he did say the words attributed to him, they were made in jest.[19]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> \u00a0Judge Lemonde agreed that the Furund\u017eija <\/i>standard applied, but argued that the words should not have been taken as instructions, and that a fair-minded observer would have noticed that the meeting was \u201ca relaxed, informal, and lighthearted one.\u201d[20]<\/a> \u00a0He also asserted that he was speaking in English at the time, which is neither his first nor working language, and that \u201cno-one took any such remarks seriously.\u201d[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

The IENG Sary Defence argued that Judge Lemonde effectively instructed his senior international investigators \u2014 who worked under his direction and authority[22]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u2014 to conduct a resulted-targeted investigation designed, inescapably, to benefit the prosecution while manifestly trampling over the rights of the accused.[23]<\/a> \u00a0The statement made by Judge Lemonde, if followed through, would have seriously prejudiced the Charged Persons\u2019 right to a fair trial. In the ECCC system, designed after the French civil law judicial system, the Co-Investigating Judges are in charge of collecting evidence, screening for exculpatory or inculpatory evidence, and ascertaining the truth.[24]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> \u00a0The IENG Sary Defence had its hands tied, and as such, was at the mercy of the Co-Investigating Judges.\u00a0 On the one hand, the Defence is not permitted to search for exculpatory evidence, since this is the job of the Co-Investigating Judges. On the other hand, Judge Lemonde had instructed the OCIJ staff to search for only inculpatory evidence. \u00a0This should have been sufficient to establish actual bias under Furund\u017eija.\u00a0 <\/i><\/p>\n

Additionally, Judge Lemonde\u2019s behavior would have lead a reasonable observer to perceive bias, as required by Furund\u017eija<\/i>. \u00a0How would a \u201creasonable observer,\u201d reasonably informed, not apprehend at least the appearance of bias in this case, let alone any actual bias on the part of Judge Lemonde? \u00a0The ECCC Pre-Trial Chamber dismissed the application on the grounds that the Defence provided insufficient evidence to make a finding for bias.[25]<\/a> The Pre-Trial Chamber considered that the evidence (the notarized statement signed by Mr. Bastin which the Chamber considered \u201cincorrect\u201d) was insufficient and not probative as no witnesses verified the identity of Mr. Bastin.[26]<\/a> \u00a0The Pre-Trial Chamber noted that Mr. Bastin said he took \u201cbrief dot point notes,\u201d which were not produced and that Mr. Bastin\u2019s statement provided no context of the conversation where Judge Lemonde uttered the statement.[27]<\/a> Additionally, the Chamber reasoned that the context of the meeting, a private meeting with OCIJ staff, and the fact that Judge Lemonde was speaking English (not his working language), showed that the words could not be interpreted as \u201chaving their full meaning in English.\u201d[28]<\/a> \u00a0The Chamber also took Judge Lemonde\u2019s word that the statements were made in jest.[29]<\/a> \u00a0Without any mention of Furund\u017eija<\/i> or any supporting authority, the Chamber considered the evidence supporting the application \u201cnot very strong.\u201d[30]<\/a> \u00a0In dismissing the application the Chamber reasoned that:<\/p>\n

The Pre-Trial Chamber notes that the Co-Investigating Judges are more than two years into their judicial investigation of Case No. 002. By ordering the Provisional Detention of the Charged Person, Judge Lemonde has already found pursuant to Internal Rule 63(3)(a) that \u2018there is well founded reason to believe that the [Charged Person] may have committed the crime or crimes specified in the Introductory or Supplementary Submission.\u2019 The Charged Person is, of course, entitled to the presumption of innocence and to an impartial judicial investigation. The nature of a judicial investigation is that it is an ongoing process of obtaining and evaluating evidence, with a conclusion being reached to either indict or dismiss in respect of matters charged. It is noted that the Co-Investigating Judges had announced on 27 May 2009 that they planned to finish the investigations by the end of the year which means that they were at the time closing to a conclusion. By finally forming an opinion on the investigations it is not likely and cannot be expected that the Co-Investigating Judges do not have a preference as to the nature of evidence to be found, as they must have an idea by now of the conclusions they might reach based on the evidence collected.[31]<\/a><\/p>\n

Interestingly, the Chamber noted that an expression of \u201cpreference\u201d by an investigating Judge to his or her staff should be distinguished from an explicit instruction or direction to search for only inculpatory evidence and to exclude exculpatory evidence, and Judge Lemonde\u2019s statement did not amount to an \u201cinstruction.\u201d[32]<\/a> \u00a0In other words, the Pre-Trial Chamber suggested that an independent<\/i> Co-Investigating Judge can express \u201cpreference\u201d to exclude exculpatory evidence to his staff (who will most likely follow that \u201cpreference\u201d)!<\/p>\n

\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666<\/span><\/p>\n

Next: A Judge\u2019s Ethical Obligation to Disclose, and Actual Bias and Improper Conduct.<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n
\n
\n

[1]<\/a> Case of NUON Chea et al.<\/i>, 002\/09-19-2007-ECCC-TC, <\/i>IENG Sary\u2019s Request for Investigation Concerning Ex Parte<\/i> Communications Between the International Co-Prosecutor, Judge Cartwright and Others, 24 November 2011, E137\/3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2]<\/a> Case of NUON Chea et al.<\/i>, 002\/09-19-2007-ECCC-TC, <\/i>Decision on Motions for Disqualification of Judge Silvia Cartwright, 2 December 2011, E137\/5.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3]<\/a> Case of NUON Chea et al.<\/i>, 002\/09-19-2007-ECCC-TC, <\/i>IENG Sary\u2019s Request for Investigation Concerning Ex Parte Communications Between the International Co-Prosecutor, Judge Cartwright and Others, 24 November 2011, E137\/3, paras. 29\u201339.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4]<\/a> Case of NUON Chea et al.<\/i>, 002\/09-19-2007-ECCC-TC\/SC(12), <\/i>Decision on IENG Sary\u2019s Appeal against the Trial Chamber\u2019s Decision on Motions for Disqualification of Judge Silvia Cartwright, 17 April 2012.\u00a0 The Supreme Court Chamber characterized the motion under Rule 35 (Interference with the Administration of Justice), as opposed to Rule 34 (Recusal and Disqualification). The standard for Rule 35 requires a knowing and willful interference with the administration of justice. This is a higher standard than the Furund\u017eija<\/i> (appearance of bias) required by Rule 34.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5]<\/a> Id<\/i>., para. 24 (emphasis added).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[6]<\/a> Case of NUON Chea et al.<\/i>, 002\/09-19-2007-ECCC-TC, <\/i>IENG Sary\u2019s Rule 34 Application for Disqualification of Judge Silvia Cartwright, or in the alternative, Request for Instruction and Order to Cease and Desist from Ex Parte<\/i> Communications & Request for Disclosure of Ex Parte <\/i>Communications, 27 April 2012, para. 2.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7]<\/a> Id.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[8]<\/a> Id<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[9]<\/a> Id<\/i>., para. 7.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[10]<\/a> Id<\/i>., para. 10.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[11]<\/a> ECCC Internal Rule 34(2).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[12]<\/a> See<\/i>, e.g.<\/i>, Case of NUON Chea et al.<\/i>, 002\/19-09-2007-ECCC\/OCIJ (PTC 01), Decision on Co-Lawyers\u2019 Urgent Application for Disqualification of Judge Ney Thol Pending the Appeal Against the Provisional Detention Order in the Case of Nuon Chea, 4 February 2008.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[13]<\/a> Case of NUON Chea et al.<\/i>, 002\/09-19-2007-ECCC-TC, <\/i>IENG Sary\u2019s Rule 34 Application for Disqualification of Judge Silvia Cartwright, or in the alternative, Request for Instruction and Order to Cease and Desist from Ex Parte<\/i> Communications & Request for Disclosure of Ex Parte <\/i>Communications, 27 April 2012, para. 11.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[14]<\/a> Case of NUON Chea et al.<\/i>, 002\/09-19-2007-ECCC-TC, <\/i>Decision on IENG Sary\u2019s Application for Disqualification of Judge Cartwright, 4 June 2012, para. 15.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[15]<\/a> Id<\/i>., para. 17.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[16]<\/a> Id.<\/i>, <\/i>para. 18.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[17]<\/a> Id.<\/i>, <\/i>para. 21.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[18]<\/a> Case of NUON Chea et al.<\/i>, 002\/19-09-2007-ECCC\/OCIJ (PTC), <\/i>IENG Sary\u2019s Application to Disqualify Judge Marcel Lemonde & Related Request for a Public Hearing, 29 October 2009, paras. 1, 2.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[19]<\/a> Case of NUON Chea et al.<\/i>, 002-09-10-2009-ECCC-OCIJ\/PTC(01), <\/i>Consolidated Response by Co-Investigating Judge Marcel Lemonde to Applications to Disqualify Filed on Behalf of Ieng Sary and Khieu Samphan, 9 November 2009, para. 8.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[20]<\/a> Id<\/i>., para. 28.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[21]<\/a> Id<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[22]<\/a> ECCC Internal Rule 14(5).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[23]<\/a> Case of NUON Chea et al.<\/i>, 002\/19-09-2007-ECCC\/OCIJ(PTC), <\/i>IENG Sary\u2019s Application to Disqualify Judge Marcel Lemonde & Related Request for a Public Hearing, 29 October 2009, para. 23.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[24]<\/a> ECCC Internal Rule 55(5).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[25]<\/a> Case of NUON Chea et al.<\/i>, 002\/09-10-2009-ECCC\/PTC(01), <\/i>Decision on IENG Sary\u2019s Application to Disqualify Co-Investigating Judge Marcel Lemonde, 9 December 2009, para. 20.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[26]<\/a> Id<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[27]<\/a> Id<\/i>., para. 21.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[28]<\/a> Id<\/i>., para. 22.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[29]<\/a> Id<\/i>., para. 23.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[30]<\/a> Id<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[31]<\/a> Id<\/i>., para. 24.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[32]<\/a> Id<\/i>., para. 25.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This is the fourth installment in a series of posts drawn from a 24 January 2014 lecture on Judicial Ethics at the ADC-ICTY\u2019s Twelfth Defence Symposium for interns and staff at the ICTY.\u00a0 The complete document is available on my website. \u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 III. APPLICATION OF THE Furund\u017eija PRINCIPLE\u2014SITUATIONS OF BIAS A.\u00a0 Ex … Continue reading “Fourth Installment: JUDICIAL ETHICS IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_s2mail":"yes","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,18,19,21,11],"tags":[13,4,5,7,3,20],"class_list":["post-289","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eccc","category-icc","category-icty","category-international-criminal-law","category-training","tag-adc","tag-icc","tag-icty","tag-international-criminal-law","tag-karnavas","tag-training"],"yoast_head":"\nFourth Installment: JUDICIAL ETHICS IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS - michaelgkarnavas.net\/Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/michaelgkarnavas.net\/blog\/2014\/02\/20\/installment4-judicial-ethics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fourth Installment: JUDICIAL ETHICS IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS - michaelgkarnavas.net\/Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This is the fourth installment in a series of posts drawn from a 24 January 2014 lecture on Judicial Ethics at the ADC-ICTY\u2019s Twelfth Defence Symposium for interns and staff at the ICTY.\u00a0 The complete document is available on my website. \u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 \u00a0\u00a0\u2666 III. 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